Monthly average System Imbalance prices. SI+ (MIP) is paid when the system is SHORT (generation deficit); SI− (MDP) is received when the system is LONG (generation surplus). Shaded bands show the P90 / P10 range.

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Monthly realized price volatility (σ) of SI+. Colour bands mark Calm (<80 €/MWh), Normal (80–200 €/MWh), and Stressed (>200 €/MWh) regimes. High-volatility periods widen BRP risk buffers and open larger windows for BESS cycle revenue.

Monthly SI+ (cost of being SHORT) and SI− (revenue when LONG), with the shaded band between them representing the balancing spread, i.e. the gross cycle value for a BESS dispatched on imbalance signals. A wide, growing spread indicates improving arbitrage conditions.

Monthly SI+ price distribution: P50 (median), P90, and P99. Reveals the fat tail of scarcity events; P99 can be 3–5× the median. Critical for sizing risk buffers and BESS revenue assumptions.

Approximate price duration curve: what percentage of 15-min intervals in each year had SI+ above a given price. Derived from monthly P50 / P90 / P99 / max, one curve per year. The standard starting point for BESS revenue modelling: how many hours per year does SI+ exceed 200, 500 or 1 000 €/MWh?

Estimated monthly count of 15-min intervals where SI+ exceeds 200, 500, and 1 000 €/MWh. Derived from monthly P50 / P90 / P99 / max via piecewise interpolation. Complements the duration curve, showing not just how long but how often each activation threshold is triggered.

Monthly count of extreme imbalance events: SHORT (SI+ above P99) and LONG (SI below P1). Consecutive spikes in the same direction signal sustained grid stress or prolonged renewable surplus periods.

Monthly SI+ mean vs. Day-Ahead average price for the same country and period. The premium (SI+ − DA) quantifies how much more expensive balancing energy is vs. buying forward in the day-ahead market, the core incentive for BRPs to hedge and for BESS owners to reserve capacity for balancing activation rather than DA trading.

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Average SI+ (MIP) price by hour of day and calendar month. Each cell averages across all days of that month at that hour. Darker colours indicate higher expected balancing costs; morning and evening peak hours typically show elevated SI+ prices.

Average SI+ (MIP) price by hour of day and day of week. Identifies systematic intra-week dispatch patterns, with morning and evening peaks visible as hot cells. Directly actionable for BESS weekly scheduling and BRP exposure management.

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Average SI+ (MIP), |SI−| (MDP), and price volatility (σ) per country. Toggle countries on/off using the pills above. Use the year selector to focus on a specific year.

Share of months where the grid was net SHORT (SI+ dominant) versus net LONG (SI- dominant). A persistently high SHORT ratio reflects structural generation deficits; a rising LONG ratio signals growing renewable surplus pressure.

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